BIOLOGY NOTES FOR MY BIO CLASS: ENJOYYYY!!!!

BIOLOGY NOTES FOR MY BIO CLASS: ENJOYYYY!!!!
UNIT 5

Biology Notes:
New Unit 5: Anatomy and Physiology
April 27th quiz- may 12th dissection!
Email about lab
side notes – cells -> tissue-> organs-> organisms
1. Respiratory system- provides oxygen or O2 for cellular respiration and removes CO2 A.K.A carbon dioxide from the body.
Parts in the Respiratory system:
Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Trachea
Nose/mouth
Larynx
Pharynx
Air sacks
Alveoli

functions
lungs : an organ that functions w. gas exchange in the atmosphere
bronchi: 2 tubes branching from the trachea
Bronchioles: tiny branches off the bronchi in the lungs
Trachea: the windpipes- a tube leading from the Pharynx to the bronchi
Nose/Mouth:-opening to take in o2 and breath out co2
Larynx: voice box
Pharynx: an area of the throat between the mouth and trachea
Air Sacs: an organ of gas exchange that opens off trachea
Alveoli: very small air sacs at the end of each bronchiole
the way we take in air, it first goes into our nose mouth-> trachea-> bronchi-> alveoli-> capillares-> rbc (red blood cells)
pulmonary- lungs
Cool Fact- 3 days w/o water-3 mins without air- 3 weeks without food
P. 958- 957
Circulatory system- fights infections, removes cell waste, and helps to regulate body temperature.
Parts- heart, veins, arteries, blood, capillaries, blood vessels.
Functions: 1. heart- a muscular organ that pumps blood through an organism
Contains 4 chambers
2. veins- a blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
3. arteries- carry oxygenated from the heart to the body.
4. blood- a liquid that functions as an exchange medium b/w an organism and its environment. Job bring nutrients, oxygen, hormones to cells
5. capillaries- microscopic blood vessels having thin walls through which gas and nutrients exchange
6. blood vessels- carry blood
cool fact
-circulate comes from a word that means “to circle”- blood circulate(circles) the body
it takes__one minute________ for blood to go around (circulate) your body
p. 945 pict of your heart p. 892
Digestive System- converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by cells or the body.
parts- esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, liver, rectum, stomach, mouth. Pharynx.
Function: mouth- uses saliva and teeth to break down food into a digestible size digestion starts here
Pharynx-An area of the throat b/w the mouth and the esophagus.
Esophagus- a tube that connects the mouth H-4 to the stomach
Stomach- a hollow organ that receives food.
Liver- secretes a digestive juice called bile, it is required for the digestion of fats.
Small intestine- locate db/w the stomach and colon, where most chemical digestion occurs, nutrients are absorbed in the lining
Large intestine:- located b/w the small intestine and rectum, absorbs water from the indigestible food
Rectum- at the end of the large intestine
Cool fact:- molecules of life: lipids, proteins, carbs and h20, digestive comes from the word that means to divide.
When food is digested it is divided into smaller parts
1 minute to chew
2-3 seconds to swallow
2-4 hours to digest
1-4 hours for absorption 10 hours to several days until defecation
p.979 (digestive system)
Endocrine system- controls growth development and metabolism
Parts- ovaries(in females) testes (in males) hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas.
Functions:-
testes- the male gonads that produce sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone.
Ovaries- female reproductive organ produces estrogen (required for the development of eggs) and progesterone (prepare the uterus for the fertilized eggs)
Hypothalamus- a region in the brain that controls many of the body’s internal activity, such as maintaining homeostasis
Pituitalary- a small gland @ the base of the brain that secretes hormones affecting all other endocrine gland.
Adrenals- a gland located above each kidney that secretes corticord hormones and adrenalin (fight or flight) helps the body deal w/stress
Thyroid- a gland on the trachea that secretes thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.
Parathyroid’s- 4 small endocrine glands on the surface of the thyroid that produces para-thyroid hormones. Helps regulate Ca levels in the body.
Pancreas – an organ that secretes enzymes for intestinal digestion as well as hormones insulin and glycogon- which help regulate the level of glucose
Facts -> has no ducts: hormones it produces are released directly into the blood stream.

p. 998 – drawing

5 lymphatic/ immune system
parts: wbc, lymph nodes, lymph vessels , thymus, spleen

Fucntions:
wbc- any one of several colorless cells that function in protecting an organism against infection. Job- helps to protect the body from diseases.
Lymphnodes- is swelling in the lymph vessels where disease organisms are removed by WBC
Lymph vessels- a networks of thin walled vessels in which excess tissue fluid is connected and drained away job- to collect fluid lost from blood vessels and return the fluid to the circulatory system.
4. Thymus a gland located beneath the breast bone that helps establish the immune in juveniles
Spleen- filters out worn out red, white, blood cells and platelets- help clot your blood
Fact: when you have a cold or any other infection the lymph nodes in your neck or groin or under your arm may swell as lymphocytes fight germs called “swollen glands”
p.955

Integumentary system
Parts skin hair nails
Skin- serves as a barrier against infection and injury
Hair- provides protection from ultraviolet radiator (uv) sun.
Nail- protect end of fingers and toes
Cool fact -> skin is the largest organ in your body
- Drawing p.934 skin diagram, p.892

Excretory system – eliminates waste products from the body, in ways that maintain homeostasis
Parts: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, ureter, large intestine.
Fucntions:
Kidney -> an organ that removes nitrogen waste from the blood.
Urinary bladder -> a hollow organ that stores your urine.
Ureter -> tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Urethra- a tube that carries urine from your bladder.
Large intestine -> refer to digestive system definition
O O - kidney (lol diagram)
I I - ureter
I I
O -Urinary bladder
I -urethra

Muscular system:
3 parts-> cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle.

Skeletal muscles- works w/ skeletal system and produces voluntary movements are striated
Smooth- non striated muscles found in many internal organs like the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels.
Help circulate blood and move food through the digestive track
Involuntary- the move w/o you telling them.

cardiac- the muscle that makes up the heart: involuntary
cardio- heart

fact:- there are 640 skeletal muscles in your body

p.892

Nervous System- recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes.
3 parts => brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
brain: acts as the control center for your body processes
spinal cord: nerves that extend down your backbone and transmits info to and from the brain.
Peripheral nerves: nerve cells that are not part of the brain or spinal cord.
receives signals from the limbs (arms and legs) and transmits info to the spinal cord.
CNS = central nervous system

Fact: N/A
drawing p. 892

skeletal-
Parts- bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage.
Bones- job to support the body and protect internal organs, provide a site for blood cell formation
hard and inflexible material
Cartilage- stronger flexible material
Ligament- though fibers tissue joining bones @ a joint
Job- allow movement
Tendons- strong fiber tissue attaching muscles to bone
Fact- you actually grow as much as one inch a night, the bones in the pine move apart.
p.892
Random information
Erythrocyte- aka RBC- carries O2 to tissues
Leukocyte- aka WBC lack hemoglobin and are used to fight foreign objects in your body.
Bronchitis: inflammation of the main air passage in the lungs – cough up mucus
Laryngitis- swelling and inflammation (irritation) of the voice look- usually associated w/hoarseness or loss of voice
Cardi- cardio- heart
Hyp- hypo- under, beneath, less than normal, hyper- above, excessive
4 pathogens of life something that harms your body
-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-protizoan- amibias k-